When Coney Island’s Dreamland amusement park on Surf Avenue opened to the public in May 1904, the most popular of the many disaster simulation attractions at the resort was a stunt spectacular called “Fighting the Flames.”

The large attraction, which the press called a “mimic fire,” simulated a major conflagration at a 6-story hotel in which a cast of firefighters in full uniform (many of them retired from the FDNY) used extension ladders to rescue guests trapped on the collapsing roof while other guests jumped into nets to escape the flames shooting out the windows.[i]

The arena for the Fighting the Flames attraction at Coney Island's Dreamland, 1905.
The large arena for the Fighting the Flames attraction at Coney Island’s Dreamland, 1905. Library of Congress

The Dreamland attraction was a huge crowd-pleaser among the paying spectators, who each paid a quarter to sit in the large, 1,500-seat amphitheater and watch the complete progress of the fire. In addition to hundreds of paid human actors, the show also featured elephants: one elephant turned in the fire alarm and another elephant dragged up a ladder for an impending rescue act.[ii]

The show began with a marching band leading a parade through a city square. Moments later, a man would come running from the hotel screaming “fire” at the top of his lungs. The sleeping firemen would awake in the two engine houses, tumble into their clothing, and slide down the polls as the harnesses dropped onto the horses.

Within a few seconds, the fake city street filled with fire engines, ambulances, fire horses, and a large crowd that had gathered to watch the firemen in action.

Fighting the Flames, Dreamland. Library of Congress
Fighting the Flames attraction at Coney Island’s Dreamland, 1905. Library of Congress

The Brooklyn Standard Union summarized the show as follows: “The fire features are thrilling. High jumping into the life net from each floor and the roof of the hotel is fraught with danger. Tongues of flame lick the front of the hotel, surrounding the jumpers as each one makes the desperate leap to safety.”[ii]

“Fighting the Flames” was so popular in its first year, promoters expanded it in 1905 to include an entire block of fire-ravaged buildings with a crowd of 600 spectators and more than 100 firemen led by Chief Sweeney. Sweeney’s Dreamland fire department was equipped with 4 engines, including Engine 54 (from a former volunteer company organized in 1895), and one ladder truck.[i]

Harry Saves a Life

On June 18, 1905, 7-year-old Anna Ryan of Coney Island was nearly crushed by Engine 54 while playing with other young performers in the fire show. It was Harry, one of the 3 white horses drawing the engine, who came to her rescue.[i]

According to numerous reports of the incident, the driver had given a warning shout as the engine approached the crowd, giving everyone adequate time to move aside for the fast-moving apparatus. Although the adults moved quickly, the noise and turmoil of the show had mesmerized the children, causing a delay in their response.

The three white horses at Coney Island's Dreamland, 1905
Harry is one of the three Dreamland horses shown here in this screen shot of the 1905 film, Fighting the Flames.

Anna completely froze directly in the path of the responding engine, petrified with fear. People in the audience stood up and gasped, expecting to see the child crushed to death. The driver didn’t see Anna, but Harry did.

When the engine was about 10 feet from the girl, Harry swerved to the left, nearly throwing the other horses off their feet. The sudden movement turned the front wheels of the engine just enough to avoid a serious accident.

As one newspaper noted, the incident with Engine 54 “was not part of the programme, and the action of the horse was unrehearsed—just simply a bit of intelligence on the part of the well-trained animal.”[i] Anna’s mother told the press this would be the first and last time her daughter performed in the fire show.

Sadly, poor Harry, who became the favorite pet of the fire brigade and children after his heroic deed, died only 2 months later.[i] The grieving firemen buried their beloved Harry with honors. Little Anna served as the chief mourner.

The following year, Dreamland replaced the fire spectacle with “The Destruction of San Francisco,” which simulated the great earthquake that had taken place only a month before on April 18, 1906.[ii]


[i] died only two months later: “Mimic Fire Horse Is Dead,” New York Times, August 4, 1905; “Fire Horse Hero Dead,” Brooklyn Citizen. August 4, 1905.

[ii] which simulated the great earthquake: “The Quake to be a Coney Spectacle,” New York Times, May 21, 1906.


[i] “was not part of the programme”: “Fire Horse Saved Little Girl’s Life,” Buffalo Sunday Morning News, June 25, 1905.


[i] It was Harry: “Real ‘Horse Sense’ at Dreamland,” New-York Tribune, June 19, 1905.


[i] “Fighting the Flames” was so popular: “Great New Dreamland at Coney This Year,” New York Times, April 23, 1905; Gary R. Urbanowicz, Badges of the Bravest: A Pictorial History of Fire Departments in New York City (Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company, 2002), 245.


[i] The attraction was a huge crowd pleaser: “Dreamland by the Ocean,” New York Sun, May 8, 1904.

[ii] “The fire features are thrilling”: “Orphans Were Guests at Dreamland,” Brooklyn Standard Union, August 2, 1904. Note: In 1904, American Mutoscope and Biograph produced a four-minute film of the attraction directed by G.W. Bitzer, which features Harry and two other white fire horses. The film, titled “Fighting the Flames, Dreamland,” is currently available for viewing on YouTube.


[i] a cast of firefighters in full uniform: “Fighting the Flames, Dreamland,” IMDB, accessed May 24, 2023, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0231582/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl.

[ii] the show also featured elephants: “Elephants Help in Fire-Fighting Show,” New York Times, August 9, 1904.

John Sigel and his wife may not have wanted to add any more family members to their household in January 1918. But when their three children carried a freezing, starving waif cat into their small apartment at 1 Peck Slip (aka 314 Pearl Street), they couldn’t resist.

A few weeks later, during a fatal fire on February 9, the gracious street cat helped save the lives of the Sigels and about 10 other residents of the four-story sailor’s lodging house on the northeast corner of Pearl Street and Peck Slip.

According to the press, Sigel and his family were asleep in their second-floor apartment when he was awakened by the cat’s wails. Sigel opened the door to let the cat out, but then immediately shut it. Flames had filled the hallway and were leaping up the stairs.

After slamming the door shut, Siegel woke his family members and led them out the front window onto the roof of a fruit stand. One his children held tightly to the nameless cat as they made their escape through the window.

1 Peck Slip, shown here (farthest building on the left) in the 1920s
The Sigels lived at 1 Peck Slip (farthest building on the left with the signs), shown here in the 1920s. Notice the lack of fire escapes on some of these buildings, including 1 Peck Slip. New York Public Library Digital Collections

Once he was safely outside with his family and their hero cat, Sigel yelled out for a pedestrian to pull the fire alarm box. Then he began yelling to waken the proprietors and the other residents of the lodging house.

New-York Tribune, February 10, 1918
Peck Slip fire
New-York Tribune, February 10, 1918

Unfortunately for many of the residents of the boarding house, the alarm box did not work, so it took a longer time for the firemen to respond. And even though there were laws on the books requiring every multi-story residential building to have fire escapes, 1 Peck Slip did not have any. (Fire department officials told the press they were astonished that such a violation could have been overlooked by the Tenement House Department).

At the time of the fire, there were about 20 residents in the building, many of whom were alerted by either the cat’s cries or Sigel’s yells. When they tried to make their escape, however, they found that all the stairways were cut off.

For some, there was no choice but to jump out a window. Others could not even make it to a window before the fire department arrived. When the firefighters arrived, they found several lifeless bodies on the street and in the apartments.

Some of the people who did survive were rescued by Captain Michael J. O’Donohue of Ladder 10, who ran up to the second floor of the adjoining building at 316 Pearl Street. O’Donohue opened the window and placed a scaling ladder on the ledge of a third-floor window on that building. Then, while standing on that ladder, he swung over to a third-floor window of 314 Pearl Street (aka 1 Peck Slip).

FDNY Captain Michael J. O'onohue
Captain O’Donohue received a medal for his life-saving actions.

He and other fireman rescued several trapped residents. One of those rescued was Joseph Keller, whom O’Donohue carried down to the street.

Five people died in the fire, including the building’s proprietors, Mr. and Mrs. Casper Russell, and Charles Bennett, an oyster opener employed at the Fulton Market. Two unidentified Polish sailors also perished in the flames. Firemen found the victims’ bodies at the rear of the second, third, and fourth floors, respectively.

Los Angeles Times

According to the press, the fire had reportedly started in a wood closet under the stairway on the ground floor, allowing the fire to quickly spread up the stairwell. The interior of 1 Peck Slip was completely destroyed.

All 14 lives (5 human and 9 feline lives) of the Sigel family were saved thanks to a cat that was rescued from the cold and cruel streets of Old New York.

A Brief History of Peck Slip

The north side of Peck Slip between Water and Pearl Streets.
The north side of Peck Slip between Water and Pearl Streets. 1 Peck Slip is on the far left. The squat, three-story frame building to the right at 7 Peck Slip was once occupied by Dr. D.T. Valentine (Valentine’s Manuals), and the four-story tenement at 9 Peck Slip was once home to Mayor Alfred E. Smith. The two-story white house at 11 Peck Slip was one of the oldest homes in the city, having been built in 1725 (this building was torn down in March 1946). NYPL Digital Collections.

The news archival history of 1 Peck Slip goes back to the 1840s, when it was the State Coffee House and Hotel. In 1849, the building became a boarding house for sailors. Other accounts report that a drug store owned by Bradhurst & Watkins occupied the building in the late 18th century (a fire in 1806 destroyed the contents of the drug store).

Peck Slip, originally called Peck’s Wharf, was named for Benjamin Peck, a local landowner who, in 1737, purchased water lots abutting his houses on Pearl Street (then called Queen Street).

Back then, the East River shoreline was located between Pearl and Water Streets–referred to as the high water mark and low water mark, respectively. Thus, much of today’s Peck Slip was beneath the East River. Peck was granted a 50-foot stretch of “water and soil under the water from high to low water mark.”

Incidentally, one hundred years earlier, around 1630, a farmer named Cornelius Dirckson had established Manhattan’s first ferry service from this point on the East River to Brooklyn. Those who wanted to pay the three beads of wampum to cross the river in Dirckson’s two-passenger canoe had to summon the ferryman by ringing a shell horn.

Today, the Peck Slip School, built in 2015, stands on the former site of #1-19 Peck Slip. On the wall is this plaque
Today, the Peck Slip School, constructed from a reconfigured post office building in 2015, stands on the former site of #1-19 Peck Slip. On the wall of the school is this plaque; check out the gross error: the Brooklyn Bridge opened in 1883, not 1833. Way to go, NYC Department of Education! (Even Ned the cat could have told you that.)

The portion of Peck Slip between Pearl and Water Streets was laid out as early as 1744 and known as Ferry Street for more than 100 years. Using dirt and gravel landfill, Peck Slip was officially laid out and graded in 1755 from Pearl Street east to Front Street. South Street was graded last, in the 1800s.

A new ferry to Brooklyn was established at Peck Slip in 1774. Peck Slip also had the city’s first brick market, the Peck Slip Market, established in 1763.

Peck Slip Ferry, 1850
1 Peck Slip is denoted by the red circle on this 1878 map. NYPL Digital Collections
1 Peck Slip is noted by the red circle on this 1878 map. NYPL Digital Collections

The Loockermans Farm
About a century before Benjamin Peck purchased his land, this part of Lower Manhattan along the East River was owned by Govert Janszen Loockermans and William Beekman.

Govert Loockermans was an assistant of the cook on the ship “De Soutbergh” when he arrived in New Amsterdam in 1633 at the age of 16. Director-General Wouter Van Twiller was fond of the hard-working young man, and he gave Loockermans a position as a clerk for the West India Company. Lockermans went on to become a shipping merchant and one of the wealthiest citizens of that time period.

In 1642, Loockermans acquired a patent from Director Willem Kieft for a large parcel of land along the East River between today’s Fulton Street and Catherine Slip, as shown on the map below. He reportedly planted the first cherry orchard in the New World, from the East River westward up the crest of Cherry Hill (Cherry Street).

In 1650, Loockermans built a house at the southwest corner of Pearl and Hanover Streets, where Captain William Kidd once lived in the 1690s.

The home of Govert Loockermans, and later, Billy the Kidd, on Pearl Street.
The home of Govert Loockermans, and later, William Kidd, on Pearl Street. Notice how close the house is to the East River. NYPL Digital Collections

When Loockermans died in 1671, his farm was divided into three lots. William Beekman, for whom both William and Beekman Streets are named, was a German immigrant who purchased Lot 3 of Loockermans’ farm. He established tanneries on this land and made his residence near the corner of present-day Pearl and Frankfort Streets.

His land, comprising Beekman’s Swamp (a marshy area that drained into the East River) and farmland called Beekman’s Pasture, is shown on the map below.

Beekman's Swamp, Beekman's Pasture, and Loockerman's Farm are noted on this old map of original grants and farms of Manhattan. NYPL Digital Collections.
Beekman’s Swamp, Beekman’s Pasture, and Loockerman’s Farm are noted on this old map of original grants and farms of Manhattan. The coral-colored lots were all under water and not yet filled in. NYPL Digital Collections.

Prior to the 1860s, when fire escapes on New York City tenements were first required by law, there were few forms of safe escape from a multistory building fire. Narrow interior stairs often burned away in a hot fire, making dangerous ladder rescues from windows and roofs a necessary option. (A lack of fire escapes is what led to the death of five people in the 1918 fire at 1 Peck Slip.)

Inventors had designed all kinds of creative escape mechanisms—including rope and basket devices, cloth chutes, parachute helmets, and extension ladders on wheels—but most were flimsy and would never instill confidence in people faced with a life-or-death situation.

Early fire escape called the ladder chute
One early invention involved ladder chutes with tarps in which occupants could slide to the ground. Reminds me of the escape chutes on planes.

One invention that did make sense came from the Pompier Corps, a German volunteer firefighting corps that used a “pompier ladder” or scaling ladder system in which a fireman would climb the first ladder resting on the sidewalk and use additional ladders with iron hooks to attach to upper-story windowsills as he climbed higher.

In 1884, the FDNY finally adopted the pompier ladder system—also known as the Hoell Life Saving Appliance. (Scaling ladders were used to help rescue the occupants of 1 Peck Slip).

New York firemen demonstrate scaling ladders during a drill in the early 20th century. Library of Congress
New York firemen demonstrate scaling ladders during a drill in the early 20th century. Notice the intricate ironwork on the fire escapes. Library of Congress

The first city law requiring fire escapes, called “An Act to Provide Against Unsafe Buildings in the City of New York,” was enacted on April 17, 1860. Under this law, all dwelling houses built for more than eight families required exterior fireproof stairs or balconies connected by fireproof stairs on the outside of every floor. This law was updated in 1862 to add more requirements and was applied retroactively to all existing dwelling houses.

Puck Magazine cover, 1887

Unfortunately, most of the straight-ladder fire escapes of this era were shoddily built, and enforcement and maintenance were lacking. In 1868, for example, there were close to 20,000 tenements in the city, of which more than 1,000 did not yet have some type of fire escape in place.

The tenement laws also didn’t carry over to other buildings, such as hotels, office buildings, and theaters. An 1897 law requiring rope fire escapes in every New York hotel room was seen by some as a better alternative to leaping to the sidewalk, but the ropes were mostly ineffective, as Puck Magazine (at left) called attention to in 1887.

During the horrific Windsor Hotel fire on March 17, 1899, in fact, numerous people fell or slid hard and fast to their deaths while using the ropes. Notice the ladders placed on the building pictured below; none of them came close to reaching the upper floors.

Windsor Hotel Fire
Windsor Hotel Fire

With the passage of the Tenement House Act of 1901, regulations for residential fire escapes were more strictly enforced, albeit some buildings continued to be without fire escapes. And despite a $10 fine for any encumbrance, fire escapes became an extension of the living space, as tenants turned them into mini patios, gardens, storage space, summer sleeping quarters, and play spaces for children.

Children play on a fire escape. NYPL Digital Collections
Children play on a fire escape. NYPL Digital Collections

A 1968 change in the city’s building codes banned the construction of external fire escapes on almost all new buildings, placing the focus on fire prevention and the use of sprinklers and fireproof interior stairways. In recent years, developers have removed fire escapes from older buildings as part of their efforts to restore them to their original glory.

This is not Jerry Fox, the hero cat, but Jerry did wear glasses
Jerry Fox was actually a large tiger cat, but he did “wear” spectacles and “read” newspapers in his senior years.

Ten years ago, I wrote about my favorite hero cat of Old New York, Jerry Fox. Described as an enormous tiger cat “of striking appearance,” Jerry Fox performed heroic deeds during his 28-year reign as Brooklyn’s official cat.

Although he was nearly blind and wore glasses, Jerry even helped save Brooklyn City Hall (today’s Brooklyn Borough Hall) from burning down in 1904.

Not only is Jerry Fox featured in my first book, The Cat Men of Gotham, but his amazing story is also the last one I tell on my Cats About Town walking tour of Brooklyn Heights.

As my tour guests sit on the steps of the very building that Jerry helped save, I share how the beloved mascot of Terry Fox’s cafe made the rounds of the neighborhood every day, always checking every floor of every government building to make sure nothing was wrong.

One day in May 1904, our hero cat came upon an open office in City Hall, where a careless judge had left a burning cigar on his desk. Papers on the desk caught fire, and had it not been for Jerry’s cries for help, the entire office may have gone up in flames–or even worse.

Cats About Town tour guests sit on the steps of Brooklyn Borough Hall as I share the story of hero cat Jerry Fox.
Cats About Town tour guests sit on the steps of Brooklyn Borough Hall as I share the story of Jerry Fox.

At the end of every tour, I ask my guests to visit our Cats About Town website and sign the petition (see the link at the very top of the page) to help ensure Jerry Fox’s remarkable story is remembered and celebrated. Our hope is to collect enough signatures to submit the petition to local government officials and representatives so that they will consider placing a plaque or maybe a spectacled cat statue at Brooklyn Borough Hall.

If you would like to help honor a true hero cat of Brooklyn, please take a minute to sign our petition. Wouldn’t the steps of Brooklyn Borough Hall look fabulous with a statue like this one? We sure think so!

If you would like to check out some scenes from the Cats About Town walking tour of historical Brooklyn Heights, check out the story and video featured on NBC News.

Cats About Town tour guests have the option of visiting the Brooklyn Cat Cafe at the end of the tour.
Vintage Cat for Cats About Town Walking Tours

If you follow my blog, than you are no doubt a cat lover and probably also someone who is interested in New York City history (at least a tiny bit). That is why I am “feline groovy” and thrilled to let you know about my latest venture: Cats About Town (CAT) historical walking tours of Brooklyn and Manhattan!

I have partnered with Dan Rimada of Bodega Cats of New York, a popular community dedicated to celebrating the city’s beloved bodega cats, to bring our followers and other cat fans guided tours for cat lovers. Through our tours, we’ll explore the city’s history and share amazing stories of heroic and hard-working cats of the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Launching this August, our first Cats About Town tour will take participants on a captivating journey through Brooklyn Heights, uncovering the hidden stories of the legendary felines of America’s first suburban neighborhood.

Vintage Cat for Cats About Town Walking Tours

• Ned, the Brooklyn Bridge Cat: Learn about the stray cat that bravely crossed the Brooklyn Bridge one month before its official opening, symbolizing the adventurous spirit of NYC’s cats.

• Jerry Fox, the Hero of Borough Hall: Discover the story of Jerry Fox, a 28-year-old blind cat who saved Brooklyn Borough Hall from burning down, showcasing the bravery and intelligence of cats.

• Minnie, the mascot cat of the Hotel St. George: Meet Minnie, the beloved cat of the historic Hotel St. George, who had 160 kittens (some of whom are no doubt the ancestors of today’s cats).

• The Promenade Cat of Brooklyn Heights: Find out how a pampered cat inspired the creation of the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, a scenic spot enjoyed by locals and tourists alike.

• The Cat of Henry Ward Beecher: End the tour with the tale of the cat adopted by the famous preacher of Plymouth Church, adding a unique charm to the church’s history.

• In addition to these fun stories, the tour will provide insightful commentary on the historical significance of each location, making it a perfect blend of feline lore and NYC history.

• Following the tours, guests can spend time at the Brooklyn Cat Café with modern-day felines if they choose to register for this additional event.

Cat Club Cats for Cats About Town Walking Tours

This fall, we will be running our Brooklyn Heights tours primarily on weekends (save for Labor Day), but next spring we’ll be adding some Manhattan tours. We will also invite some guest tour guides and speakers, such as Tamar Arslanian, author of Shop Cats of New York, and Robert A. K. Gonyo, a theatre director, actor, voiceover artist, tour guide, and cat man.

Once we’re fully up and running, Cats About Town tours will be offered a few times a week, including weekends and weekdays. (And when I retire from my full-time job, I’ll be doing most of the tours!)

Whether you’re a longtime New Yorker or a visitor to the city, the Cats About Town tour is an experience you won’t want to miss! For updates and more information, be sure to follow us on Instagram and visit our website. You can also share your tour experiences using the hashtag #CatsAboutTownTours and connect with fellow feline history enthusiasts.

  • Ticket Prices: Adults $40, Seniors $30
  • Duration: 1.5–2 hours
  • Distance: Approximately 1.5 miles
  • Booking Information: Visit Cats About Town Tours for more details and to book your tour

Henry Ward Beecher of Plymouth Church
Henry Ward Beecher was a cat man who adored felines.

In my last post, I wrote about the famous pastor and orator of Plymouth Church who adopted a little boy’s cat from Indiana and named her Hoosier Cat. According to the story, the boy’s family was moving to Arkansas and he could not bring his cat with them. He reached out to Beecher, who agreed to adopt the cat and even pay the shipping charges.

In that post, I also included the words of an essay that he penned on cats in the Christian Union in 1870. (Beecher was the editor of the Christian Union, so he had free will to write on any topic of his choice.)

I just found another cat essay by Mr. Beecher from 1869 that I simply must share. I believe this essay is even better than the one he wrote in 1870.

Rather than retype the essay at the risk of creating a few typos (which my mother will kindly point out), I’m going to attach the actual article, which was published in numerous newspapers across the country.

Plymouth Church: A Singing Congregation

Plymouth Church was founded in 1847 by a group of 21 former New England men and women who wanted a Congregational church with a simple order of worship, governed by the congregation. These founders chose as their first pastor Henry Ward Beecher, an animal lover.

According to at least one unofficial source (ie, not a peer-reviewed journal), people who love animals have a specific version of the gene that produces the love hormone oxytocin, which is important for empathy between humans and boosts social bonding. Oxytocin also helps people bond with animals, so one can safely assume that most animal lovers (not all) are friendly and empathetic people.  

Plymouth Church

Beecher was not only kind to animals but he was also kind to his fellow humans. His “Doctrine of Love” promoted forgiveness and unconditional love, and his powerful preaching and outspoken opposition to slavery filled the pews to overflowing (he used the New Testament to show that slavery was wrong).

In 1849, a fire damaged the original church on Cranberry Street, which was sort of a blessing in disguise. A new red brick church with seating for close to 3,000 was constructed on Orange Street behind the original building. All that extra seating was necessary to accommodate the large congregation.

During this era, Plymouth was commonly known as “the Grand Central Depot” of New York City’s “Underground Railroad.” According to published memoirs and stories passed down from one generation to another, slaves reportedly hid in tunnels in the basement of the church.

“I opened Plymouth Church, though you did now know it, to hide fugitives,” Beecher reported to his stenographer. “I took them into my own home and fed them. I piloted them, and sent them toward the North Star, which to them was the Star of Bethlehem.” 

Services at Plymouth Church were not limited to Beecher’s powerful sermons. Beecher wanted his church to be “a singing church” in which the congregation was encouraged to sing along to hymns set to music.

He and his brother, Charles Beecher, along with church organist John Zundel, put together “The Plymouth Collection” of musical hymns from different Christian denominations, including Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox hymns.

Soon, a singing congregation became the hallmark of Plymouth Church. News quickly spread to other churches and other faiths, which is why today congregational singing is popular in many Christian worship services (some churches even still use Beecher’s book).

If you join me on one of my Cats About Town Walking Tours of Brooklyn Heights (more details coming next week), you will get to see Plymouth Church as it is the last stop on the tour.