Cats in the Mews: May 14, 1892
New York Sun, May 14, 1892
Cat up a tree on West 11th Street
New York Sun, May 14, 1892

On May 14, 1892, The New York Sun reported a cat stuck in a tree in the yard of Mrs. King’s three-story brick row house at 227 West 11th Street. According to the newspaper, the black-and-white cat had entered a boarding house at 226 West 11th Street and insisted on occupying some of the residents’ chairs. A dog named Carmencita chased the cat from the house and into the street, where another dog and a boy joined in the chase.

The cat escaped up a large walnut street that shaded Mrs. King’s yard.

The boarding house at 226 West 11th Street, where the cat tried to occupy some chairs.
This was the boarding house at 226 West 11th Street, where Senorita Succi the cat tried to occupy some chairs.
Cat vs Clothes Pole

The cat made her way to a branch that was level with the third floor of Mrs. King’s house. For two days, she refused to budge. Mrs. King tried coaxing the cat with a long clothes pole that she stuck out her small window, and several neighbors tried to climb the tree, but the cat didn’t make a move. She just sunk deeper into a hollow in the tree trunk.

Finally, Roundsman Eugene D. Collins of the Charles Street police station (then located at 94 Charles Street) came along and saw some children looking up at the tree. He contacted the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

SPCA Superintendent Charles H. Hankinson sent an agent to the scene. The agent tried to find the cat, but when he didn’t see her, he just left.

Could this be the tree in front of 227 West 11th Street where Senorita Succi the cat spent a few days prior to her rescue?
Could this be the tree in front of 227 West 11th Street where Signorita Succi the cat spent a few days prior to her rescue?


The next night, upon notification that the cat was still stuck, SPCA Agent Daniel Seymour went to investigate further. By the light of the electric lamps on West 11th Street, Agent Seymour could see the poor kitty. He could also hear her cries for help.

Mrs. King told him that she was able to feed the cat by tying two clothes poles together and putting a piece of boiled meat on one end; the cat seized the meat and ate it. Although the woman left the pole between the tree and the window, the cat refused to cross it.


Stay with me, it gets better.

New York World, May 15, 1892
Cat rescued from tree on West 11th Street
New York World, May 15, 1892


Agent Seymour thought he could get a long, wide plank (at least 20 feet in order to reach the window from the tree) and use that to lure the cat indoors. However, the only window wide enough to accommodate the plank was occupied by a boarder who had tonsillitis. Seymour told Mrs. King that the SPCA would move her boarder to another room and build a bridge for the cat.

On May 14, a parade of SPCA agents, police officers (including a police van) and three news reporters made their way to the walnut tree on West 11th Street. According to the New York World newspaper, the policeman formed a cordon around the tree to keep spectators away.

Agent Seymour than went into the now unoccupied room in Mrs. King’s house and placed a piece of fish on the plank. Cautiously, he pushed the plank toward the tree branch where the cat was crouching.

No sooner did the cat see the fish than she literally walked the plank. As soon as she grabbed for the fish, Agent Seymour carefully pulled the plank inside with the cat on it and, as The World noted, ” thus added another laurel to the refulgent wreath which adorns the rooms of the SPCA.”

Following the ordeal, a clergyman from Dr. B.F. De Costa’s church (Church of St. John the Evangelist) on the corner of Waverly Place and West 11th Street christened the cat Signorita Succi “for obvious reasons.” (Succi, being the plural of succus, which is an expressed fruit or juice.)

Sir Peter Warren

The land upon which this cat-up-a-tree incident occurred was once part of a large 300-acre farm along the Hudson River waterfront owned by Sir Peter Warren, a Royal Navy officer of Irish descent. The Warren Farm stretched from the Hudson River to the Bowery and from Charles to West 21st Streets.

Warren acquired the five distinct parcels of land comprising the large farm between 1731 (the year he married Susannah De Lancey) and 1744.

Sir Peter Warren's house was near present-day Charles Street and West 4th Street -- just a few blocks from where Signorita Succi got stuck in the tree. Today this area is occupied  by brick row houses.
Sir Peter Warren’s house was near present-day Charles Street and West 4th Street — just a few blocks from where Signorita Succi got stuck in the tree. Today this area is occupied by brick row houses.

In the early 1740s, Warren moved into a stately home overlooking the river on the block of land bounded by today’s Bleecker, Charles, Perry, and West 4th Streets. The house had been constructed around 1726 for James Henderson, its first occupant.  

Here is how the Greenwich Village Historic District described the home:

“[T]he Van Nest mansion resembled ‘Hamilton Grange.’ It was a rectangular, two-story clapboard house, five windows wide, and at each side there were two tall chimneys flanked by windows. Covered porches extended along both front and rear and were connected by a central hall. The paneled front door, crowned by a transom of simple glass panes, was reached by four steps from the drive, which led to the avenue of buttonwood trees extending to the Hudson River.

The rear porch, approached by a flight of fourteen steps, overlooked the terraced flower garden that stretched across the block. The house, near Charles Street, was set in the midst of shade trees. Entered from Perry Street was the two-story brick stable and carriage house. Fruit trees, a large vegetable garden, a cow and a picket fence surrounding the block completed the picture of the attractive Van Nest home, which was finally razed in 1865, giving way to the solid block of City residences we see today.”

Another view of the Warren/Van Nest Mansion on Bleecker Street, between Charles and Perry Streets.
Another view of the Warren/Van Nest home on Bleecker Street, between Charles and Perry Streets, in 1864.

Following his death in 1752, Peter Warren’s estate was divided among three of his daughters; the land was further divided into lots and sold in the 1830s. Jeremiah Pangburn, a real estate developer and mortgage broker, was the chief developer of this land (his home, which is still standing, was at 78 Perry Street).

The last person to occupy Warren’s mansion was Abraham Van Nest, a prominent New York City merchant who purchased the land in 1821. The home was demolished in 1865, one year after Van Nest passed away.

Color illustration of the Warren/Van Nest homestead.
Color illustration of the Warren/Van Nest homestead.
227 West 11th Street

Although Mrs. King’s row house at 227 West 11th Street was demolished in the early 1900s, there is still a rather large tree in front of the existing building. I have no way of knowing if this is the tree that Signoria Succi got stuck in, but the next time I’m in the neighborhood, I’m going to walk by and look up at the tree just for the nostalgia.

Mrs. King's home at 227 West 11th Street was razed to make for this six-story apartment building in 1915.
Mrs. King’s home at 227 West 11th Street was razed to make for this six-story apartment building in 1915.

Lieutenant Lussier Leaves Commissioner Behind
John Joseph Lussier, about 1895.
John Joseph Lussier, about 1895. Photo: Courtesy, family friend via Ancestry.com











In February 1908, Lieutenant John J. Lussier retired from the New York Police Department. He and his family left their home at 169 Taylor Street in Brooklyn, and moved to Utica, New York. There, the former lieutenant for the Brooklyn Bridge Squad took over the proprietorship of the Yates House hotel.


According to The New York Sun, when John Lussier left Brooklyn, he took almost all his belongings. Naturally, his wife, Margaret, and their three children (Marie, 12, Anthony Russell, 11, and Helen, 9) also joined him upstate.


The one possession he left behind in Brooklyn, however, was his favorite police cat, Commissioner.


So, imagine his surprise when the cat showed up at the Yates Hotel in Utica two months later! Not only did John wonder how the cat made the trip from Brooklyn to Utica, he was also shocked that the kitty was still alive. The last time John saw Commissioner, she was jumping off the Brooklyn Bridge into the East River!

New York Sun, April 1908
Commissioner the cat follows Lussier
New York Sun, April 1908
The Police Cat and the Lieutenant

No one knows how long Commissioner had been in John Lussier’s life before he left for Utica. However, the president of the Downtown Natural History Club told The Sun that he thought the cat had been with him for many years, going back to when Lussier was still working as a police officer in the Old Slip police station. When Lussier transferred over to the Brooklyn Bridge Squad—then headquartered at 179 Washington Street—the cat crossed the Brooklyn Bridge with him and made herself at home in Brooklyn.

Yates Hotel, Utica, 1911
After jumping off the Brooklyn Bridge, Commissioner the police cat somehow made her way here from Brooklyn in 1908 to be with John Lussier.
Yates Hotel, Utica, 1911. After jumping off the Brooklyn Bridge, Commissioner the police cat somehow made her way here in April 1908 to be with her police pal, John Lussier.

According to the history club president, the police officers of the Brooklyn Bridge Squad adopted Lussier’s cat as their official station cat. They agreed to put the cat on the same footing as the humans with regards to promotions. Thus, they called her Doorman until she had her first litter of kittens, which earned her the title of Patrolman. With each litter, her name changed to Sergeant, Captain, and Inspector.

“Of course the boys weren’t counting on the names running out as soon as they did, but anyway, inside of a year the cat’s name was Inspector,” the man told The Sun reporter. “Then it was decided to call the cat Fourth Deputy Commissioner, and finally she was entitled to the title Commissioner.”

161-179 Washington Street, 1939. The police station for the Brooklyn Bridge Squad was located in the white building, on the corner of Nassau Street. Today, this is Cadman Plaza East. near the fountains in Walt Whitman Park, which opened in 1954. Brooklyn Historical Society
161-179 Washington Street, 1939. Headquarters for the Brooklyn Bridge Squad was located in the the basement of the white building, on the corner of Nassau Street. Today, this is Cadman Plaza East, near the fountains in Walt Whitman Park, which opened in 1954. Brooklyn Historical Society
The red circle marks 179 Washington Street on this 1929 Brooklyn atlas. All of these buildings were demolished in the 1930s when the city condemned the land to make way for Cadman Plaza Park, and later, Walt Whitman Park.

One of the most interesting events in Commissioner’s NYPD career was when she encountered Whiskers, the popular station house rat of Old Slip. The old First Precinct police station at 100 Old Slip was a favorite retreat for the many rats on the neighboring docks. The rats would enter the station and toy with the desk sergeant late at night, when no one else was around.

“Lussier didn’t warm up to any of these rats, except Whiskers,” the historian told the reporter. “He had a natural prejudice against rats, but Whiskers did him a service that he couldn’t overlook.”

Commissioner and John Lussier began their policing careers at the First Precinct station house at 100 Old Slip. Most recently, this building was home to the New York City Police Museum.

According to the historian, late one night, while Lussier was dosing at his desk, he was awoken by a rat that was squealing in his ears and pulling at one end of his large mustache. Lussier opened his eyes just in time to see the police commissioner hustling up to his desk. Had the rat not alerted him, he would have been caught sleeping on the job when the commissioner arrived.

Lussier reportedly felt that such an act deserved official recognition, so he named the rat Whiskers and put him on the roll as an un-salaried attache along with the cat. Lussier had some trouble establishing a friendship between the two station pets, but as the rat was almost as big as the cat, they eventually got along well for a long time.

Well, no surprise, the friendship didn’t last forever. One day, after another batch of kittens had arrived, Lussier took Whiskers in to introduce him to the newest members of Commissioner’s family. The mother cat was not there, so he left the rat with the kittens while he went to answer a telephone call.

When Lussier returned to the litter, Commissioner had Whiskers in her jaws and was beating him against the hard floor. Apparently, she mistook him for another rat and went into attack mode, as any normal mother cat would do. Lussier blamed himself for the rat’s death.

Commissioner Jumps Off the Brooklyn Bridge
Could this be Lieutenant John Lussier waiting to meet his cat Commissioner on the Brooklyn Bridge? (The photo was taken way before his time, but one can imagine a similar scene.)
Could this be Lieutenant John Lussier on the left, waiting to meet his cat Commissioner on the Brooklyn Bridge? (The photo was taken before their time, but one can imagine a similar scene.)

Although Commissioner the cat was quite welcome at the Brooklyn Bridge Squad headquarters on Washington Street, she wasn’t too crazy about the squad’s dingy accommodations in the basement. So, she spent most of her days by the Brooklyn Bridge, where she would cross back and forth with Lieutenant Lussier while he was on patrol.

Apparently, Commissioner followed the lieutenant quite often. According to The Sun, Lussier often took trips on the weekends to visit relatives in Utica. Commissioner would follow him to Grand Central Station to see him off; when he arrived back home, she would be waiting on the platform for the train from Utica.

On the last night that Lussier crossed the Brooklyn Bridge–the day he retired from the force–Commissioner met him on the Brooklyn side as usual. The two walked together to the middle of the bridge. Commissioner let out a sudden cry, and then jumped off the bridge and plunged into the river. Lussier assumed the cat knew they were going to be separated soon, and so she committed suicide out of grief.

Commissioner Arrives in Utica
The Sun, April 26, 1908
Commissioner the cat goes to Utica after jumping off the Brooklyn Bridge
The Sun, April 26, 1908

After reading this story, you can now imagine how shocked Lussier was when his cat turned up alive and well at the Yates House Hotel.

Lussier surmised that the cat walked all the way there. He also offered a reward to anyone who could explain how the cat made the trip. (I’d like someone to tell me how she survived her fall into the East River and how she made it back to shore!)

The history club president thought otherwise: “I know that the cat wasn’t in the Police Department so many years for nothing,” he told the reporter. “What she did was go up to Grand Central Station, find the Utica train, and jump on the blind baggage.”

I must now admit that another article published in the same newspaper two weeks earlier states that Lussier had left his cat with a friend in Brooklyn before he moved. The friend wrote a letter to Lussier telling him that the cat had somehow escaped.

Either way, it’s a mystery how the cat made the trip from Brooklyn to Utica. (And I like the story of the Brooklyn Bridge better.)

John J. Lussier, a Prominent Brooklyn Resident

John Joseph Lussier, the son of Francis Xavier and Sarah Reynolds Lussier, was born in Brooklyn sometime around 1868 (he gave different birth years on multiple census reports). He married Margaret Flynn in 1893 and they had four children (in addition to Marie, Helen, and Anthony, they had a son, Sterling, who died at the age of 2 in1896.)

John Joseph Lussier, about 1915.
John Joseph Lussier sans mustache, about 1915. Photo: Courtesy, family friend via Ancestry.com

Following his extensive career with the police department, Lussier got into the hotel and restaurant business. In addition to the Yates Hotel in Utica, he also leased and operated the Hotel Metropole at 147-151 West 43rd Street (1915-1925) and he operated the Mansion House Hotel on Hicks Street in Brooklyn Heights (now the Mansion House Apartments) until 1925.

Mansion House advertisement, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1916
Mansion House advertisement, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1916

In 1925, Lussier built the Hotel London in London, Ontario, which he operated until 1934. He purchased the Bridgeway Hotel in Springfield, Massachusetts, in February 1937, which his son managed.

Lussier died at the age of 69 on November 29, 1937, in his apartment in the Bridgeway Hotel. He was buried at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Kensico, NY.  

Cats in the Mews: April 24, 1904

On April 24, 1904, The New York Times reported that Bull,* the famous black mascot cat of the Cotton Exchange, had gone on permanent strike. No longer would the cat visit the floor where the cotton brokers traded the commodity. No longer would he come up from the cellar, where he sometimes worked catching mice, and bring good luck to the trading floor.

The strike came about one month after Daniel J. Sully, aka, the Cotton King, predicted a forthcoming cotton shortage. On that day, March 18, Sully also announced this his company could not meet its engagements on the Cotton Exchange. Within 20 minutes, the price of cotton dropped $13 a bale. Sully reportedly lost about $3 million in one day.

Many newspapers, including The New York Times, reported that Bull the cat was responsible for the sudden bear market and the Cotton King’s downfall.

*Bull’s full name was a popular one in the 20th century, but it is offensive today, so I have censored it.

Read the rest of this entry »
COVID-19 and Pet Abandonment: Is History Repeating Itself?
Letter Writer and Feline Scholar, Trooper Gordon, wants pet owners to be more informed about COVID-19 and pets
Letter writer and feline scholar, Trooper Gordon

I recently received a letter from one of my feline fans, who has been reading and enjoying “the good parts” of my book, The Cat Men of Gotham: Tales of Feline Friendships in Old New York. He says it’s been a great read during the Covid pandemic!

Trooper Gordon, described by his owner as a “three-legged pink-nosed tabby,” loves the happy stories in the book, but he is avoiding “the sad parts” that address the inhumane ways in which cats were treated in Old New York.

However, Trooper is a smart kitty — smart enough to notice that history appears to be repeating itself. So, he has asked me to share one of the “bad parts” of my book in order to provide a historical reference for the current situation regarding pets and the coronavirus (COVID-19).

You see, Trooper’s human, Merrie, runs a small animal rescue group in New York State. Running a trap, neuter, and release (TNR) program is challenging enough during normal times, but these days, the volunteers are beyond overwhelmed with all of the calls they have been receiving from pet owners who are frightened and confused to the point of hysteria, thinking their cats or dogs are able to spread the COVID virus to them and their loved ones.

Even worse, the volunteers are seeing a sudden rash of pet abandonment due to misinformation and irrational fears surrounding COVID-19.

Merrie’s animal rescue group is not the only one getting calls from panicky pet owners. According to Dr. Stanley Coren, Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, many animal rescue societies around the world are reporting an uptick in the number of pets being surrendered or abandoned because people are misinformed and wrongly believe that animals may carry, or spread, the virus. Numerous dog and cat advocacy groups across the country are also getting questions from pet owners — some hysterical — about whether people can be exposed to the virus by petting a dog or a cat.

For cat owners, the concerns may be even greater, especially in light of recent news about several tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo that developed dry coughs and other symptoms of the virus after being exposed to a zookeeper who was “asymptomatically infected with the virus.” (Take note that the zookeeper transmitted the virus to the animals, and not the other way around.)

Although there is no simple answer — and doctors and scientists are still learning about COVID-19 and its effects in humans — numerous world experts say there is no reason to keep your paws off your own cat or dog as long as you have no symptoms of the virus or have not tested positive for COVID-19. (Just as you should isolate yourself from people when you have the virus, you should also play it safe and stay away from your pets if you are ill or suspect that you are infected with COVID-19.)

A very small number of real-world cases have shown that cats and dogs can become infected with the coronavirus, but research and current evidence suggests that getting the virus from a dog or cat is extremely unlikely. It should also be comforting for pet owners to know that while COVID-19 has been infecting people around the world for over three months, there are no reports of cat or dog fatalities despite the many thousands of infected people who live with pets.

Words Are Falling on Deaf Ears
Masks are not necessary for cats, so do not do this to your kitty during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Masks are not necessary for cats, so do not do this to your kitty.

In recent weeks, various animal and human health organizations have been trying to assure pet owners by stressing the fact that there are currently no reported cases of people catching the coronavirus from cats and dogs (or any other animal).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), although the first COVID-19 infections were linked to a live animal market, the virus is now spreading from person to person, and not animal to person. 

“There is no evidence that a dog, cat or any pet can transmit COVID-19,” both the CDC and World Health Organization (WHO) state on their respective websites. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Chief Veterinary Officer Gail Golab concurs, adding, “We’re not overly concerned about people contracting COVID-19 through contact with dogs and cats.”

Sadly, it appears as if many of these words are either not reaching pet owners, or they are falling on deaf ears. Which is exactly what happened just over 100 years ago — with tragic results for the pet dogs and cats. (Warning to Trooper and other readers: here comes the bad part.)

Brooklyn, 1916: The Polio Epidemic
First reported cases of polio in Brooklyn, 1916
This map shows the locations of the first reported cases of polio in Brooklyn, just east of the Gowanus Canal, in 1916.

On June 6, 1916, 10-month-old John Pamaris of 53 Garfield Place and 2-year-old Armanda Schuccjio of 5014 7th Avenue — two children in the Italian community just east of the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn — were reported to the New York City Health Department as having symptoms of polio (then called “infantile paralysis”). These two reported cases, along with four more cases reported on June 8, served as a warning of the impending epidemic.

Within a few weeks, there were 24 cases in Brooklyn, most of them in the area bounded by 7th Avenue and Third, Degraw, and Nevins streets. By the end of June there were 646 reported cases of polio in that borough, plus about 150 cases throughout the other boroughs of New York City.

At the time, there was no good theory for how the poliovirus was spread. Since the outbreak began in the Italian community, some, including New York City’s health commissioner, Dr. Haven Emerson (a great-nephew of Ralph Waldo Emerson), thought the disease had been brought to America by Italian immigrants.

One of the first steps the city took was to publish the names and addresses of individuals with confirmed polio cases in the press on a daily basis. The city’s health department also placed placards on the houses identified, as shown in this picture of a Brooklyn apartment, and quarantined the families living there.
One of the first steps the city took was to publish the names and addresses of individuals with confirmed polio cases in the press on a daily basis. The city’s health department also placed placards on the houses identified, as shown in this picture of a Brooklyn apartment, and quarantined the families living there.

Others in the health community speculated that it was spread by insects, while some early reports suggested that domestic cats and dogs were to blame. For example, an article in The New York Times published on July 30, 1916, advised people to wash their pet cats and dogs in a two percent solution of carbolic acid — just in case pets were the cause of infantile paralysis.

The polio epidemic caused widespread panic throughout the city. Movie theaters and libraries were closed, meetings and public gatherings were canceled, and children were kept from parks, pools, and beaches. Thousands of the well-to-do fled the city or sent their children to live with relatives in other states. Sound familiar?

The 1916 epidemic also caused widespread irrational behavior. Many people, wrongly convinced that cats and dogs were responsible for spreading the disease, released their pets to the streets. ASPCA Superintendent Thomas F. Freel tried to convince the public that pets did not spread infantile paralysis, but his words fell on deaf ears. On July 26, the New York Times reported that the ASPCA in New York City was sending up to 450 animals to the lethal chambers every day.

From A Monograph on the Epidemic of Poliomyelits (Infantile Paralysis) in New York City in 1916; published by the Department of Health of New York City, 1917
From A Monograph on the Epidemic of Poliomyelits (Infantile Paralysis) in New York City in 1916; published by the Department of Health of New York City, 1917

Freel told the New York Times, “Since the beginning of the alarm over infantile paralysis, we have been receiving on an average of 800 requests a day for our men to call for unwanted domestic pets, mostly cats, in spite of the statement issued by Health Commissioner Emerson that cats do not carry the germs of the disease.” (To be sure, the ASPCA had always put thousands of unwanted stray cats and dogs to death every year, but the uptick was very noticeable, especially for cats, in 1916.)

Thomas F. Freel, superintendent of the SPCA
Thomas F. Freel, superintendent of the SPCA, tried to convince people that cats and dogs were not spreading polio. He also insisted that mice and rats were carrying the germs that caused the disease.

Freel theorized that more cats were rounded up because of a concurrent downturn in the economy. “When people have to economize,” he explained, “the first thing they decide to do without is the cat and out she goes.”

By the end of October, more than 22,000 dogs and almost 270,000 cats had been needlessly disposed of in the society’s gas chambers. The short-lived polio epidemic also took a large toll on human life, with over 27,000 reported cases and more than 6,000 deaths in the United States (about 2,400 deaths were reported in New York City).

Two years later, when the “Spanish flu” epidemic struck the United States, people appeared to be more confident with the science of the disease, and thus, did not blame their pets for spreading the virus. I could not find any news articles about an uptick in pet surrenders in 1918-1919, albeit, I did find this interesting article on Atlas Obscura about pet parents putting masks on their cats during the epidemic. There are a couple of great old photos with mask-wearing families and their cats, so check it out.

More Information for Pet Parents

I am not a doctor, scientist, or veterinarian, so I want to strongly encourage you to read more about pets and COVID-19 in order to make rational, informed decisions. The CDC, AVMA, and the Humane Society of the United States have a lot of information for pet owners, so those are good places to start.

Trooper and I hope the facts and research-based information will help you feel more confident in continuing to provide your pets with safe, loving homes. Now more than ever, our pets need us to keep loving and protecting them — and we need them to keep bringing calmness and joy into our lives.

Newspaper headlines about the polio vaccine on April 13, 1955.
Newspaper headlines about the polio vaccine on April 13, 1955. Although the vaccine arrived 40 years too late for thousands of people, cats, and dogs, today naturally occurring polio is nonexistent in the United States and has been nearly eradicated from the world.

New-York Tribune, March 27, 1904
Adams Express Fire
The Adams Express Company fire at 59-61 Broadway. New-York Tribune, March 27, 1904

On Saturday, March 26, 1904, a fire gutted two large office buildings at 59 and 61 Broadway. The buildings were occupied by the Adams Express Company (#59) and the Morris European and American Express Company (#61). Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency was located at #57 and Wells-Fargo was at #63-65 Broadway.

Although the fire was not nearly as large as other city conflagrations, the Fire Department sounded the “two nines” alarm, to which every engine and truck south of 58th Street responded. A total of 32 engines, 10 trucks, and two water towers responded to the 11:00 a.m. blaze, which was extinguished in about two hours.

For the Adams Express fire, the signal 9-9 was given by tapping the electric fire alarm bells throughout the city nine times, followed by a pause, and then nine more times.

The fire, which started in the basement of 61 Broadway (possibly due to a careless employee with a lit cigar or matches), destroyed or damaged most of the Adams Express Company’s waybills, records, and other papers. All the currency, bullion, and other valuables in the fireproof safes and strongboxes were salvaged, albeit, water damaged.

Included in the saved items was a box containing numerous artificial skulls belonging to a theatrical company. The life-like skulls presented a ghastly sight when they fell out of the box and scattered along Broadway as the firemen were hosing down the building.

Although no civilians were killed or severely injured in the fire, six clerks—T. Edgar, J. Cavanagh, Henry Haas, Thomas Claire, A.J. Wilson, and James Schiebles–had to escape the burning building by tossing a rope fire escape out a second-floor window and sliding to the ground. Fireman Charles Beckingham of Engine Company No. 4 on Maiden Lane was injured when he was struck by falling glass. Other firemen just barely escaped injury when the rear wall of #59 collapsed onto Trinity Place.

New-York Tribune, March 27, 1904
Adams Express FIre on Express Row
A few hours after the Adams Express fire. New-York Tribune, March 27, 1904
Smoke the Fire Dog

One other “firefighter” injured during the incident was Smoke, a fire dog attached to Engine Company No. 32 at 108 John Street. Smoke was reportedly urging the horses to run faster when one of them kicked his right paw while the engine was approaching Wall Street.

Smoke limped into Wilson’s drug store, where he a clerk by the name of John Ralphs treated him for his injured paw. He then returned to his engine company and remained on duty for the rest of the day.

No social distancing here. Crowds of bankers, clerks, and and other office workers from the financial district gathered on Broadway to watch the Adams Express fire on Express Row.
No social distancing here. Crowds of bankers, clerks, and and other office workers from the financial district gathered on Broadway to watch the fire.
The Stranded Cat Colonies of Express Row

One week after the Adams Express fire, cats of all colors and sizes began prowling around the financial district. Tenants in neighboring office buildings, occupants in boarding houses on Greenwich Street, and tenement dwellers west of Trinity Church all started receiving visits from these strange cats, who were in turn tried to make new deals to be adopted and furnished with food and lodging.

Cat Colonies Scattered, Adams Express Fire, March 27, 1904

This overflow of felines puzzled most people, who were not aware that a large cat colony was on the payroll of Adams Express and all the other big express companies occupying the buildings of “Express Row.” The cats lived in the cellars and sub-cellars of these buildings, and prior to the fire, most of them had never seen the light of day before.

Just like the feline police force of New York’s Post Office, the Express Row cats were responsible for keeping the rats and mice at bay. Thousands of waybills between shippers, express companies, and railroad officials were stored in the cellars, and it was the cats’ job to keep the rodents away from these important papers. As The New York Sun noted, “One healthy rat with a voracious appetite to banquet on waybills would cause all kinds of trouble.”

In addition to their rat duty in the cellars, the cats were also responsible for patrolling the stables in the rear of the office buildings. These stables were breeding grounds for rats and mice, so a full complement of cats was needed for this job.

The Cellar Cats

Most of the Express Row cats were cellar-born, and thus, could start training during early kittenhood. On those rare occasions when the feline workforce started to decline, street cats were recruited from the outside world. It was the janitors’ responsibility to feed the cats at regular intervals, and to ensure the supply of cats did not diminish.

Adams Express only hired street cats when its staff of cellar-born felines had diminished.
Adams Express only hired street cats when its staff of cellar-born felines had dwindled down.

The cats employed at Adams Express and other shipping companies were all feral, so they often frightened the young clerks who had to venture into the dark underground storehouses in search of waybills.

Cats such as Speckled Pete, the Bold Trapper and Wild Bill, the Avenger took their jobs seriously, and did not appreciate when the young clerks entered their territory. Several clerks had to learn their lesson the hard way.

According to The Sun, all of the Express Row cats had escaped the burning buildings unharmed, but they were now scattered throughout the neighborhood. The hope was that when the companies re-established their offices in new buildings, some of the cats would return to the force.

If the janitors had to recruit new street cats for the waybill departments, the plan was to “borrow” working cats from other express companies “to act as instructors in organizing a rat police force to keep away four-legged marauders.”

Considering the size of the new Adams Express Company building erected eight years later, I have a feeling many cats found employment in this new building.

This end the cat portion of this story. If you are interested in history, please continue reading. There is a fishy surprise at the end.

A Brief History of Adams Express and Express Row

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the southern portion of Broadway between Exchange Alley and Rector Street was home to Adams Express, American Express, Wells Fargo, and other smaller express shipping firms. Most of the companies of “Express Row” occupied old, mid-19th-century buildings, which The Sun described as “seasoned tinder boxes.”

Express Row included all of these buildings on the west side of Broadway between Trinity Church at Rector Street and Exchange Alley. Notice the Adams Express flag atop the second building from the left. Circa 1854; Museum of the City of New York Collections.
Express Row included all of the buildings on the west side of Broadway between Trinity Church (Rector Street) and Exchange Alley. Notice the Adams Express flag atop the second building from the left. Circa 1854; Museum of the City of New York Collections.

Adams Express began in 1839, when Alvin Adams, a produce merchant whose business collapsed during the Panic of 1837, began carrying letters, small packages, and valuables for clients between Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts. Adams quickly extended his territory to New York City (with offices at 16 Wall Street), Philadelphia, and other eastern cities.

Alvin Adams, founder of Adams Express Company
Alvin Adams (1804-1877)

The company moved into the Broadway offices sometime during the early 1850s.

Adams Express had many interesting clients over the years.

For example, abolitionist groups used the company in the 1840s to deliver anti-slavery newspapers from northern publishers to southern states. In 1849, a Richmond, Virginia slave named Henry “Box” Brown shipped himself to Philadelphia and freedom via Adams Express.

Following the fire in 1904, Adams Express continued to occupy the site on Broadway. In 1906, Adams Express began planning a new, fireproof building to be constructed on the site of 57-61 Broadway. The ram-rod straight, 32-story behemoth would be designed by architect Francis H. Kimball and have an official address of 61 Broadway.

When construction began in 1912, The New York Times and city planners expressed concerns about the skyscraper’s effect on sunlight and airspace. As with the Equitable Life Building (which was constructed a few years later after a fire destroyed the original building), they feared that the tall, straight building would block sunlight and cast shadows on nearby smaller buildings.

Unfortunately, construction began four years before the 1916 Zoning Resolution was enacted, requiring new buildings to have setbacks at certain heights, based on lot size.

The Adams Express Company occupied the building on the far left. When this photo was taken around 1885 during excavation work for the new streetcar line, 61 Broadway was occupied by the C.B. Richard Company’s Foreign Express. New York Public Library Digital Collections
The Adams Express Company occupied the building on the far left. When this photo was taken around 1885 during excavation work for the new streetcar line, 61 Broadway was occupied by the C.B. Richard Company’s Foreign Express. New York Public Library Digital Collections
A pneumatic caisson foundation constructed of 3,300 tons of steel and 1.2 million square feet of terracotta blocks lies under the 32-story Adams Express building, constructed in 1912-1914. This photo was taken prior to 1914, when the new American Express Building at 65 Broadway was completed. MCNY Collections
A pneumatic caisson foundation constructed of 3,300 tons of steel and 1.2 million square feet of terracotta blocks lies under the 32-story Adams Express building, constructed in 1912-1914. This photo was taken prior to 1914, when the new American Express Building at 65 Broadway was completed. MCNY Collections
The Fish at 61 Broadway

In 1998, Crown Properties purchased the 652,000 square-foot office building at 61 Broadway. At that time, the building was occupied by Merrill Lynch and MetLife. Oh yeah, and some fish.

According to Davar Rad, president of Crown Properties, the Adams Express building used to provide heat for surrounding buildings through huge boilers in its basement. The soot from these boilers was cooled by the high water table located directly under the building, which created a warm pool of water. The pool became a breeding ground for goldfish.

Cat with gold fish

Apparently, a building engineer first spotted the goldfish in 1988, when Met Life purchased the building. Ten years later, the engineer was still feeding them through a trap door in the basement floor.

I can’t determine if the fish are still living under the building. Maybe we need to send in a few cats to find out and take a survey?